Influence of Health Information Packaging on the Uptake of Tungiasis Awareness Messages by the Community in Vihiga County, Kenya
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Abstract
Tungiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by infestation of the sand flea Tunga penetrans, remains a significant public health challenge in resource-poor communities of Kenya. Vihiga County is among the most affected regions, with prevalence rates exceeding 21%, particularly among school-aged children. Despite ongoing awareness campaigns, uptake of preventive messages has been inconsistent. This study aimed to establish how health information packaging influences the uptake of tungiasis awareness messages by the community in Vihiga County, Kenya. The study adopted a pragmatic philosophy and cross-sectional design, targeting households, health workers, and teachers in high-prevalence sub-counties. Using Yamane’s formula, a sample of 400 respondents was proportionally allocated between Vihiga (n = 168) and Sabatia (n = 232) sub-counties. Household respondents were selected through cluster sampling, while health workers (n = 48) and teachers (n = 32) were purposively sampled. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Instruments were pre-tested for validity and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.87). Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis in NVivo. The findings reveal that message clarity and delivery format are critical determinants of awareness and behavioral response. Only 7.8% of the community found existing information easy to understand, reflecting inadequate message simplification and over-reliance on print channels. The population strongly prefers oral/visual formats, including radio ads (6.0%) and TV ads (5.0%), over print media (<1%). ANOVA confirmed a significant relationship between packaging format and message uptake (F = 4.53, p = 0.002), with oral/visual channels being more effective (p < 0.05). Direct engagement with health professionals proved vital for comprehension and trust. The study concludes that current health information packaging is inadequate. Authorities should adopt locally tailored content, fund radio and television broadcasts, and institutionalize school-based prevention programs to improve message uptake and reduce tungiasis prevalence.
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